Equator CLOTHES PROCESSOR EZ 3600 C User Manual

SLE Publication Series – S253 SLE – Postgraduate Studies on International Cooperation Study commissioned by Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internat

VIII Summary 3. Sufficient time needs to be allowed for FFS service providers to increase their capacity. A long-term knowledge dissemination sys

78 Results for Yambio & Nzara County eat just one meal per day instead of two. The interviewed groups could not name any additional sources of in

Results for Yambio & Nzara County 79 death. Further research is needed to clarify whether this is an option for other farm-ers to secure their la

80 Results for Yambio & Nzara County Table 16: Actors landscape Yambio & Nzara County Organisation Activities WFP P4P • Construction of wa

Results for Yambio & Nzara County 81 Table 17: Potential service providers Yambio & Nzara County Service Stakeholder Coordination GIZ DETA,

82 Results for Yambio & Nzara County Further potential partners for the implementation of FFS in WES are the YAFA and Nzara Farmers Association (

Results for Yambio & Nzara County 83 want to stay in agriculture for the long-term85. Farmers say they do this to produce food and generate incom

84 Results for Yambio & Nzara County amount of farmers who are supported by GIZ is too large to guarantee good quality services. Those issues mig

Results for Yambio & Nzara County 85 6.3 Summary for Yambio & Nzara County Key similarities between the situation in Yambio & Nzara and

86 Results for Yambio & Nzara County and for illiterate people are under development. The quality of their training ses-sions, the demonstration

Discussion and Recommendations 87 7 Discussion and Recommendations 7.1 Discussion The following chapter will connect the results and the concepts u

Zusammenfassung IX Zusammenfassung Kontext Seit 2008 ist die Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH im Südsudan in Rahmen eines En

88 Discussion and Recommendations Table 20: Monitoring of selected OECD principles of GIZ DETA Selected OECD Principles of Good Engagement in Fragile

Discussion and Recommendations 89 Act fast… but stay engaged long enough to give success a chance (Principle 9) Project level: The FFS structure giv

90 Discussion and Recommendations interventions that achieve quick impacts, before focusing farmers attention to more long-term goals94. Otherwise th

Discussion and Recommendations 91 That is why some would argue that integrated approaches of development assis-tance96 would be ideal to build up a

92 Discussion and Recommendations The project approach builds on training and increasing the knowledge of small-scale farmers. This is important to a

Discussion and Recommendations 93 hard to assess due to the missing long-term strategy. What is possible to say is, that the FFS groups have the pote

94 Discussion and Recommendations The team has gathered from above that the FFS is a very good approach to in-crease adaptive capacity, because that

Discussion and Recommendations 95 operation with WFP P4P, which is going to buy and store produce from FFS. This would link farmers to the market mor

96 Discussion and Recommendations • Further strengthen groups by (a) training 1-2 people in the group to act as lead farmers, (b) promoting communa

Discussion and Recommendations 97 Farmers have limited knowledge on farm management and marketing. Include basic training on agribusiness and farm ma

X Zusammenfassung produktion beizutragen. Zum einen sollen potentielle Ertragssteigerungen die lokale Verfügbarkeit von Lebensmitteln erhöhen. Zum

98 Discussion and Recommendations Diversify Extension Methods Facilitators’ teaching skills are important to deliver the content of ToT. Knowledge al

Discussion and Recommendations 99 Farmers have limited access to markets. The main bottleneck is bad road conditions. Furthermore farmers have limite

100 Discussion and Recommendations Improve Financial Capacity of Farmers Farmers have little to no capital for produc-tive farm investments. The acce

Discussion and Recommendations 101 knowledge supply even if AAO is not available, e.g. CTC Yei. At the same time, support AAO to increase their capac

102 Discussion and Recommendations Update of agricultural knowledge of the mas-ter trainer is mainly based on the internet. Establish a possibility t

Discussion and Recommendations 103 Table 23: Conclusions and recommendations for Magwi County Conclusions Recommendations Establishment Criteria Gro

104 Discussion and Recommendations services (e.g. FAO for training of facilitators, SNV for training on income generating activi-ties, WFP for storag

Discussion and Recommendations 105 Increase Farmers’ Productivity Limited potential for dry season vegetable production at exclusive permanent wetlan

106 Discussion and Recommendations farmers to see whether they are planning to return to their farm and thus where they would like to place the FFS f

Discussion and Recommendations 107 Include oil palm, sugar cane, coffee in the content only in the long-term, since it will be long until farmers can

Zusammenfassung XI Bewirtschaftungsfläche der Bauern auf durchschnittlich 0.8 ha: Boden-bearbeitung per Handhacke, geringe Verfügbarkeit von landwirt

108 Discussion and Recommendations sibility of working in cooperation with other organisations concerning the linkage of warehouses-traders and qual

Discussion and Recommendations 109 Table 25: Strategic cornerstones, key issues and strategy formulation Main strategic corner-stones according to BM

110 Discussion and Recommendations information sources in order to facilitate de-cision-making 10/2013 Initiate radio programs Start from 01/ 20

Literature XXV Literature Adger, Neil (2000): Social and Ecological Resilience: Are they related? Progress in Human Geography 24 (3): 347–364 Ali, A

XXVI Literature CIA (2012): The World Factbook - South Sudan (https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook, accessed 16.11.2012) Con

Literature XXVII FAO (2010): Plan of Action for Southern Sudan (August 2010 - August 2012): Emer-gency Response and Rehabilitation for Food and Agric

XXVIII Literature GOSS (2010): The Joint Baseline Survey Report on the Agriculture and Animal Re-sources in Southern Sudan. The Baseline Technical T

Literature XXIX Kaplan, Robert et al. (2008): Developing the Strategy: Vision, Value Gaps, and Analysis. Balanced Scorecard Report, January - Februa

XXX Literature OECD (2008): State Building in Situations of Fragility. Initial Findings. (http://www.oecd.org/dac/conflictandfragility/41212290.pdf,

Literature XXXI SUSTAINET EA (2010): Technical Manual for farmers and Field Extension Service Providers: Farmer Field School Approach. Sustainable A

XII Zusammenfassung Zu Möglichkeiten bestehende FFS in Morobo County zu verbessern 1. Potential die Trainingsinhalte und die FFS-Beratungsmethodi

XXXII Literature USAID (2009): Expanding Agriculture and Food Security Activities in Southern Su-dan. Assessment report for USAID/Sudan Economic Grow

Glossary XXXIII Glossary Local Terms Boma: Is an administrative level in South Sudan and can be compared to a munici-pality. Feddan: Is the local uni

XXXIV Glossary in some cases, fertilising the soil. Open Pollinated Varieties: Are plants that can reproduce themselves either by cross-pollination o

Annex XXXV Annex Annex 1: Terms of Reference Annex 2: Workplan Annex 3: Resource Persons Annex 4: Overview and Composition of the FFS in Morobo Count

XXXVI Annex Annex 1: Terms of Reference “Assessment of a Farmer Field School (FFS) approach at GIZ DETA Morobo and recommendations for further strate

Annex XXXVII 2) The study will provide a situation analysis for Magwi and Yambio on the follow-ing basis: Baseline data: • Summary of agro-ecologic

XXXVIII Annex Annex 2: Workplan Table 26: Detailed workplan of field phase in South Sudan Week CW Location Activities 1 31 Juba / Yei Arrival Tue

Annex XXXIX Annex 3: Resource Persons Morobo County: Alexander Solyga, GIZ DETA, Team Leader Eastern and Central Equatorial States Heinrich Rogg, GIZ

XL Annex Charles Oguetta, Accountant, Palotaka Seed Center, Magwi County Yambio & Nzara County: Grace Wani Kideen, GIZ DETA, Project Coordinator,

Annex XLI Annex 4: Overview and Composition of the FFS in Morobo County Table 27: Overview and composition of the FFS in Morobo County Payam FFS No.

Zusammenfassung XIII beispielsweise an das GIZ “Food Security and Agricultural Development”-Projekt (GIZ-FSAD). Zur Gründung von neuen FFS in Magwi

XLII Annex Annex 5: Map of FFS Visited in Morobo County Figure 17: Map FFS groups visited in Morobo County Annex 6: Map of Farmer Groups Visited in

Annex XLIII Annex 7: Overview and Composition of the Farmer Groups Visited in Magwi County Table 28: Overview and composition of the farmer groups in

XLIV Annex Annex 9: Overview and Composition of the Farmer Groups Visited in Yambio & Nzara County Table 29: Overview and composition of the farm

Annex XLV Annex 10: Central Research Questions Table 30: Central research questions Analysis Central research question Identification of agricultura

XLVI Annex Annex 11: Assessment Criteria & First Successes / Impacts Table 31: Assessment Criteria & First Successes / Impacts Ground working

Annex XLVII Annex 12: Establishment Criteria Table 32: Establishment Criteria Logistical support and adequate resources of GIZ DETA • Prerequisites

XLVIII Annex Annex 13: Background Information on Soil Classification (USDA/NSRC 1996) Figure 20: Some background information on soil classification

Annex XLIX Soil Types of Africa (ISRIC/FAO/EU 2010 in: Kolawole 2013) Figure 21: Soil types of Africa

L Annex Classification of Soils. USDA and FAO equivalent names for common soils of the trop-ics (McGregor 2008) Table 33: Classification of soils USD

Annex LI Note: Oxisols are not to be confused with Vertisols (“Black Cotton Soils”) which are a dis-tinct class of tropical soils (McGregor 2008). Ve

XIV Table of Content Table of Content Foreword ...

LII Annex Annex 14: Price Variations of Agricultural Products in the Project Region The prices for agricultural products vary geographically across d

Annex LIII Figure 23: Annual retail prices development in Juba (fews.net 2012: Monthly Price Watch July 2012, p.5) The connection between price var

LIV Annex 10 SSP in June. Whereas in Juba, the price remained relatively steady - at under 9 SSP instead of increasing further. Figure 24: Nominal r

Annex LV Annex 15: Concept of Sustainable Agriculture “A Sustainable Agriculture system is one that can indefinitely meet demands for food and fibre

LVI Annex Figure 27: Improving Agricultural Sustainability by Improving the Livelihoods of Agri-cultural Producers (Kinyua 2008) An exemplary plan

Annex LVII Objective 2: To improve market access Strategies Action Indicators Responsibility 1. To link farmers with modern supply chains • Re

LVIII Annex Annex 16: Farmers’ Knowledge on Sustainable Agricultural Practices in Morobo County Intercropping Intercropping is traditionally practise

Annex LIX • Farmers in Morobo County let their livestock graze on communal paddocks, or use abundant public land. Farmers do not provide sheds for z

LX Annex fruits from Uganda. Agroforestry plants like fodder shrubs and fertiliser trees have not yet been introduced in the area. Figure 28 below su

Annex LXI Integrated Pest Management is not yet practised in Morobo County. Few farmers appear to make deliberate use of cultural control. To give an

Table of Content XV 4.2.2 Appropriateness of Content and Methods ... 53 4.2.3 Long-Term Success ...

LXII Annex initial training sessions on “farming as a business” to suggest to them to give up di-versified crop production. Seed saving versus seed m

Annex LXIII Annex 17: Cultivation Capacities of GIZ DETA’s Target Group of Small-Scale Farmers in Morobo, Magwi, and Yambio & Nzara County Figur

LXIV Annex Figure 31: Cultivation Capacities of Farmers supported by GIZ DETA in Yambio & Nza-ra County

Annex LXV Annex 18: Cost Benefit Analysis of Most Important Food Crops Table 35: Exemplary Profit Margins - Calculation of Most Important Food Crop

LXVI Annex Beans Maize Groundnuts Cassava Sorghum Rice Onions Tomatoes CabbageFeddan under cultivation0.5 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.5 0.060 0.071 0.095Yield

Annex LXVII Table 36: Exemplary profit margins calculation of most important food crops – based on Keliko Farmers Association Beans Maize Groundnuts

LXVIII Annex Beans Maize Groundnuts Cassava Onions Tomatoes CabbageFeddan under cultivation in feddan1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0Yield per feddan in

Annex LXIX Annex 19: Details of theToT Table 37: Example of aToT schedule: module 4-6121 No Date Session 1 Session 2 Session 3 9:30 to 11:30 a

LXX Annex

SLE Publications Liste der SLE Publikationen von 2000-2012 Ilse Hoffmann, Lloyd Blum, Lena Kern, Enno Mewes, Richard Oelmann: Achieving Food Securi

XVI List of Tables List of Tables Table 1: Different actors’ agricultural strategies for South Sudan ... 8 Table 2: Obj

SLE Publications Heidi Feldt, Jan Kleine Büning, Lea Große Vorholt, Sophie Grunze, Friederike Müller, Vanessa Völkel: Capacity Development im Bereic

SLE Publications Ralf Arning, Christin Bauer, Constanze Bulst, Annalena Edler, Daniel Fuchs, Alexan-dra Safi: Les petites et moyennes exploitation a

SLE Publications Erik Engel, Henrica von der Behrens, Dorian Frieden, Karen Möhring, Constanze Schaaff, Philipp Tepper: Strategic Options towards Su

SLE Publications Pascal Lopez, Ulrike Bergmann, Philippe Dresrüsse, Michael Hoppe, Alexander Fröde, Sandra Rotzinger: VIH/SIDA: Un nouveau défi pou

SLE Publications Karin Fiege, Corinna Bothe, Frank Breitenbach, Gerhard Kienast, Sonja Meister, Elgin Steup, António Reina, Ute Zurmühl: Turismo e

SLE Publications Ekkehard Kürschner, Irene Arnold, Heino Güllemann, Gesa Kupfer, Oliver Wils: Incorporating HIV/AIDS Concerns into Participatory Rur

List of Figures XVII List of Figures Figure 1: The connection between conflict, refugees and food security ... 1 Figure 2: Greenb

SLE Publication Series S 253 Editor Humboldt Universität zu Berlin Seminar für Ländliche Entwicklung (SLE) Hessische Straße 1-2 10115 Berl

XVIII Abbreviations Abbreviations AA Auswärtiges Amt / Federal Foreign Office AAH Action Africa Help AAO Agricultural Advisory Organizatio

Abbreviations XIX FFS Farmer Field School(s) FG Farmer Group(s) FNS Food and Nutrition Security FSAD Food Security and Agricultural Develo

XX Abbreviations OCHA Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs PEW Payam Extension Worker PICD Participatory Integrated Communit

South Sudan – The Newest Country in the World 1 1 South Sudan – The Newest Country in the World 1.1 Background and Problem Description After more

2 South Sudan – The Newest Country in the World insecurity. Main reasons are erratic rainfall, insecurity, inflation, and border closures with Sudan

South Sudan – The Newest Country in the World 3 long-term objective is to hand over the FFS project to the community. In two other project locations,

4 South Sudan – The Newest Country in the World USA, the next administrative level followed by the payam and the boma which is comparable to townshi

South Sudan – The Newest Country in the World 5 Morobo County, Lubwara and Kakwa; in Magwi County, Madi and Acholi; and in Yambio & Nzara County,

6 South Sudan – The Newest Country in the World Figure 4: Agro-ecological Zones of South Sudan (USAID 2009) The Greenbelt Zone The Greenbelt Zone

South Sudan – The Newest Country in the World 7 Figure 5: Bimodal Rainfall of 1100-1600 mm/year in the Greenbelt Zone (WFP 2012) Agronomic practic

Foreword I Foreword For 50 years, the Centre for Rural Development (SLE – Seminar für Ländliche Entwicklung), Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, trains

8 South Sudan – The Newest Country in the World (e.g. mangoes, oranges, pineapples and lemons) provide additional sources of cash. The main wild food

South Sudan – The Newest Country in the World 9 Table 1 shows the different agricultural development priorities in South Sudan. How-ever, the GOSS la

10 South Sudan – The Newest Country in the World The DIE study grouped Sudan1 together with Chad and the Democratic Republic of Congo in a cluster wi

The Study 11 2 The Study 2.1 Objectives The objectives of the study are agreed upon in the Terms of Reference (TORs, see Annex 1) and are basical

12 The Study • Analyses of potential stakeholders and target groups to be involved in the DETA programme Finally, recommendations shall be given fo

The Study 13 2.2 Relevant Concepts 2.2.1 Farmer Field Schools Approach and Training of Trainers Definition and Key Objectives of FFS Approach “Farm

14 The Study A typical FFS group consists of about 15-30 participants who meet regularly in a group field to discuss and/or experiment. The topics us

The Study 15 During field days the group presents what they have learned to non-FFS-participants. They usually take place while the FFS are still r

16 The Study fective. Since post-conflict situations frequently tend to fall back into conflict again, a contiguum is more effective, where differen

The Study 17 certain crop is down, the other crop species are still there to compensate (Neubert et al 2011). Improved buffer capacity is measured by

II

18 The Study Figure 9: Components of FNS (InWent 2009) Availability refers to the physical existence of food, be it from own production or in the m

The Study 19 ability and utilisation (due to cyclical events of drought or disease) may be a rural but not an urban phenomenon, etc. (For more detail

20 The Study biomass allows farmers to replenish soil nutrients needed by the following crop. Rotational Grazing Intensive grazing systems in which l

Research Approach and Methodology 21 3 Research Approach and Methodology 3.1 Research Approach The focus of the research was to assess the pilot ph

22 Research Approach and Methodology  What knowledge do small-scale farmers have on sustainable agricultural practic-es? To answer this question, c

Research Approach and Methodology 23 - Identification of potential service providers • Ground working activities (GWA) - Status quo of necessary G

24 Research Approach and Methodology • Exemplary profit margins calculated with data from the Agricultural Advisory Organization (AAO) and Keliko f

Research Approach and Methodology 25 stakeholders (e.g. GIZ FSAD, local farmers associations, and traders). For a com-plete list of key resource pers

26 Research Approach and Methodology In total, 22 individual farmers were interviewed. Thirteen of the individual farmers were women and nine were m

Research Approach and Methodology 27 3.4 Limitations The limitations of the study include the following: • External constraints: Data collection wa

Acknowledgements III Acknowledgements Many individuals and institutions contributed to the design and implementation of this study. The team expresse

28

Results for Morobo County 29 4 Results for Morobo County 4.1 Situation Analysis 4.1.1 Target Group The target group of GIZ DETA’s FFS intervention

30 Results for Morobo County repatriated from neighbouring Uganda (Börgel 2009). Repatriation occurred between 2005 and 20093. 4.1.2 Farming Systems

Results for Morobo County 31 sents the last harvest of the year (November/December) from which farmers have to subsist until July (see Figure 14). F

32 Results for Morobo County crop. When Cassava is ripe and ready for harvest, it can be left in the soil without going bad. Farmers can therefore ha

Results for Morobo County 33 Table 6: Exemplary profit margin calculations in SSP per feddan (Own calculation12) Cassava Maize Sorghum Groundnu

34 Results for Morobo County permanent water source14, GIZ DETA’s FFS approach in Morobo County has high potential for dry season vegetable productio

Results for Morobo County 35 Table 7: Cultivation capacities of farmers and associated limitations Cultivation Capacity up to 1 feddan: 25% of farm

36 Results for Morobo County day the team rotates to another member’s farm. The maximum area that is to be cul-tivated by each person is one “katala”

Results for Morobo County 37 trading centre), the same crop is sold at only 10-15 SSP at Yaribe local market.17 The connection to markets and trader

IV

38 Results for Morobo County transport costs can be cut by about half - from 100 SSP / sack / 3 km to about 50 SSP / sack / 3 km, as in the case of K

Results for Morobo County 39 An overview of sustainable agricultural practices in use in Morobo County is summa-rised in Table 9 which highlights pos

40 Results for Morobo County 4.1.3 Livelihood Systems Southern Sudan has an average household size of 6.3 people of which about 52% are females. In

Results for Morobo County 41 Vulnerability Context June, July and August have been reported as the worst months in terms of food se-curity. However e

42 Results for Morobo County an infected member is a heavy burden that hampers the economic and social devel-opment of the whole family. “The Souther

Results for Morobo County 43 ship skills. Services delivered in FFS are crucial since government services, social and productive infrastructure was d

44 Results for Morobo County passes on the request to GIZ DETA. Some groups have also received support from the CAD and other donor organisations.

Results for Morobo County 45 Example: Previous support Karua FFS group: “The CAD referred us to the Danish NGO called Danish Refugee Council with th

46 Results for Morobo County • Planning workshop GIZ DETA conducted a planning workshop with important stakeholders, such as the CAD, head men of th

Results for Morobo County 47 Example: Management committee In the Reno FFS the members selected the committee when the group was set up. As long as t

Summary V Summary Context The Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) started running Develop-ment-Oriented Emergency and Transitional A

48 Results for Morobo County 1. Famer field school approach 2. FFS setting and establishment 3. Planting of selected main field crops 4. Weed m

Results for Morobo County 49 For the approach as a whole, GIZ DETA is currently developing an M+E system. The system will evaluate the implementation

50 Results for Morobo County ternal infrastructure, e.g. markets where they can sell their produce. Services, service providers and potential future

Results for Morobo County 51 Table 11: Summary of SWOT (Details will be explained in the following subchapters) Strengths Weaknesses Threats

52 Results for Morobo County 4.2.1 Ground working Activities Strengths In general, the ground working activities to prepare for the FFS were done

Results for Morobo County 53 Opportunities • County Agricultural Department (CAD): The inclusion of CAD and its Boma Extension Workers (BEW) is see

54 Results for Morobo County topics like crop rotation, green manure, animal manure, crop diversification, seed savings and by concentrating on a low

Results for Morobo County 55 who answered. Active engagement in discussions and decision-making has been assessed to be low. This is also hampered by

56 Results for Morobo County Example: Envy Sobeta FFS group: “people may burn our storage down in a bad mood or someone may steal it”41. The Aloto FF

Results for Morobo County 57 • Motivation of farmer groups: The majority of groups are well motivated. The rate of participation is 60-85%44 accord

VI Summary tative research approach. Data collection methods included focus group discussions, semi-structured expert interviews, as well as feedba

58 Results for Morobo County • Motivation of farmer groups: The master trainer, some facilitators46 and the County Agriculture Commissioner47 see

Results for Morobo County 59 Threats • Short planning horizon: The funding and thus the short planning horizon make it especially difficult to devel

60 Results for Morobo County technique on their home field. Four out of eight farmer groups named knowledge on weeding and planting across the slope.

Results Magwi County 61 5 Results Magwi County The situation analysis (chapter 5.1) in Magwi County (Eastern Equatoria) followed a systematic approa

62 Results Magwi County Rainfall: The climate and growing period in Magwi County are similar to that of Morobo County. Rainfall has a bimodal distri

Results Magwi County 63 that, sweet potatoes were mentioned as an additional and important staple crop in Magwi County57. Cassava, maize, sorghum, an

64 Results Magwi County Morobo County, the majority of communities lack group / adequate storage facilities. Consequently, farmers sell and market th

Results Magwi County 65 versification of all the interviewed groups, naming 24 crops and 11 non-farm activities for income generation. Like in Morobo

66 Results Magwi County part of Farm Project. They are all funded by Farm Sudan (USAID). Farm Africa initi-ates Farmer Field Schools and links farmer

Results Magwi County 67 Actors’ Landscape Table 12: Actors landscape Magwi County Organisation Activities SNV South Sudan Livelihood Development

Summary VII and input provision, investments made to improve rural connectivity could trans-form the competitiveness of South Sudanese farmers (World

68 Results Magwi County Storage WFP, FAO Markets / Market information No service provider identified Transport No service provider identified Proce

Results Magwi County 69 mon marketing, paying school fees and healthcare up to “sharing production tools, input and seeds”66. Exemplary: Deep underst

70 Results Magwi County 5.3 Summary for Magwi County Key similarities between the situation in Magwi and Morobo County include the following: Table

Results Magwi County 71 Key differences between the situation in Magwi and Morobo County include the following: Table 15: Key differences between Mag

72

Results for Yambio & Nzara County 73 6 Results for Yambio & Nzara County The situation analysis (chapter 6.1) in Yambio & Nzara County (

74 Results for Yambio & Nzara County of tropical moist vegetation cover (e.g. epiphytes on trees) is consistent, with more rain than in Morobo Co

Results for Yambio & Nzara County 75 Livestock Farming Livestock farming is for subsistence in most cases. Poultry and goats are commonly raised

76 Results for Yambio & Nzara County very small motorised grinding mills in town centres, which are mostly for consump-tion78. As a result, produ

Results for Yambio & Nzara County 77 with progressive farmers have shown that the majority of farmers are unable to store their produce in an ade